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Mariam Mayorca: Hi ale Alejandra Humpierres: hi Mari! How are you? Mariam Mayorca: fine and you_ Alejandra Humpierres: cool... so what do you think are the advantages of iron and steel over stone and brick? Mariam Mayorca: well, iron and steel are very good in tension, and brick and stone are not. Also I believe that iron and steel brought a possibility for new designing and facilities to it that brick and stone couldn't provide Alejandra Humpierres: yes you’re right... and during the industrial revolution, a relatively cheap material. Alejandra Humpierres: I think that’s the importance of steel and iron after the 20th Century Alejandra Humpierres: The introduction of the large scale steel production process paved the way to mass industrialization as observed in the 19th–20th centuries Mariam Mayorca: yes I think you are right before the industrial revolution this material wasn´t used Alejandra Humpierres: so tell me what do you think are the characteristics of steel? Mariam Mayorca: well, steel is a very hard material that when hot can be shaped in different forms and once cooled down is very hard. Other characteristics is that it can be very elastic and it has a retention of magnetism Mariam Mayorca: and what do you think are the disadvantages of steel and what solutions have been found? Alejandra Humpierres: I think there are 3 principal disadvantages, 1 is the weak in compression, and two Maintenance costs are also expensive. Iron and steel corrode when exposed to air. The surface of the metal needs to be painted, or coated with some other protective layer. The Forth railway bridge has a permanent team of painters! Alejandra Humpierres: and 3 the use of a new material brought with it completely new designs. Mariam Mayorca: that is very interesting Alejandra Humpierres: tell me... What is welding? Mariam Mayorca: Welding is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence. This is often done by melting the work pieces and adding a filler material to form a pool of molten material that cools to become a strong joint, with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by itself, to produce the weld. Mariam Mayorca: what is welding so important? Alejandra Humpierres: There is a tremendous importance of welding in engineering. Welding is what holds the majority of structures together--bridges, cars, tractors, cranes, buildings, etc...Most companies these days are trying to hire welding engineers to help with these problems. Welding can get very specialized with more technical metals and applications. Alejandra Humpierres: and which ones are the characteristics? Mariam Mayorca: among them you can find that many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a gas flame, an electric arc, a laser, an electron beam, friction, and ultrasound. Welding technology advanced quickly during the early 20th century as World War I and World War II and other characteristic is that there are many welding techniques, including manual methods like shielded metal arc welding, now one of the most popular welding methods, as well as semi-automatic and automatic processes such as gas metal arc welding, submerged arc welding, flux-cored arc welding and electroslag welding. Mariam Mayorca: what shapes can be formed with steel? Alejandra Humpierres: Steel structural members are rolled in a variety of shapes, the commonest of which are plates, angles, I beams, and U-shaped channels. These members may be joined by steel bolts or rivets, and the development of welding in the 20th century made it possible to produced fused joints with less labor and material. The result is a rigid, continuous structure in which the joint is as firm as the member and which distributes stresses between beams and columns. Alejandra Humpierres: Are aluminum and stainless steel heavy metal alloys? Mariam Mayorca: No, aluminum and stainless steel are light metal alloys that have come to be favored for exterior construction because of their weather resistance.